A
Retrospective Study of Association of Hypertension and Socio Economic Status
Hina
Kausar1*, Bhagwan Ambhore1, Dhekale Dilip N.1,
Mohammed Ubaid-Ur-Rahaman2
1Assistant Professor, Community Medicine, Dr. Ulhas Patil Medical College, Jalgaon Kh. (MS)
2Medical Officer, Central Railway Hospital, Bhusawal.(MS)
ABSTRACT:
Back Ground: Roughly half of all heart attacks and
strokes come out of the people with no diagnosed heart disease, so identifying
risk factors early in healthy people is a must to delay disease and prevent
death.
Material and method: The study is retrospective in nature and
was conducted in Chalmeda Anand
Rao Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar (A.P.) The data was collected in a pre drawn and
pre tested proforma from June 2010 to May 2011. etc.
Statistical analysis: Simple proportion and chi square test was
applied as and when required.
Observations and Discussion: Prevalence of hypertension was more in
upper class 26.66%, and as socioeconomic status decreases prevalence of
hypertension decreases. The difference was found to be statistically
significant (x2= 25.56, d.f = 2, p=0.0000028).
Conclusion and
recommendations:
Statistically significant association was observed between socioeconomic status
and Hypertension. Modifiable factors played an important role in causing
hypertension along with some biological factors like obesity, diabetes etc. The
impact of these factors can be minimized by changing their life style like
spend at least 30 minutes exercise every day, reduction in body weight etc.
KEYWORDS:
Socio economic status,
Hypertension.
INTRODUCTION:
People in smaller cities smoked and eat more
fatty food and less fresh fruits and vegetables, metro-residents tend to be
less active. BMI, blood pressure and cholesterol were uniformly high, with
people doing little to lower their risk. The data further reveals that even
among literate middle-class urban Indians, awareness and control rates of risk
factors was low, for example, roughly one in three people surveyed had
hypertension. Among those with diagnosed hypertension, 40% were on medicine to
lower it but 25%had it under control. In comparison ,high income countries, 60
% people with diagnosed high blood pressure have it controlled, reported
researchers at the world conference of cardiology, by keeping in mind the above
facts and as per recommendations of the World Health Organization (W.H.O.)
study group in 1957,that in order to get a comprehensive picture of a disease ,
more and more such studies have to be carried out, Garg
Narenra K(1) and Garg
Narenra K. and Sharma A.B (2) the authors
have under taken this study with the objective to know the association of
hypertension with socio economic status of working women.
MATERIALS AND
METHOD:
The study is retrospective in nature and an
institutional based study. This study was conducted in Chalmeda
Anand Rao Institute of
Medical Sciences (CAIMS), Karimnagar (A.P.) The data
was collected in a pre drawn and pre tested proforma
from June 2010 to May 2011.
A list of all working women in CAIMS was
obtained from the administrative department. There were 318 working women.
Eighteen women did not respond/cooperated in study hence they were excluded
from the study. Thus total sample size was three hundred, out of these only
eighteen working women were found suffering from hypertension. Thus effective
sample size was only eighteen. For each subject complete general and systemic
examination was carried out.
Statistical analysis: Simple proportion and
chi square test was applied as and when required.
HYPERTENSION:
Hypertension is defined as sustained increase in
systolic BP of 140mm Hg or more and diastolic BP 90mmHg or more.
Classification of Blood
Pressure for adults, JNC -VII guide line post graduate Medicine , 2004(3).
|
JNC7BP categories |
JNC6BP categories |
SBP mm of Hg |
And /or |
DBP mm of Hg |
|
Normal |
-- |
<120 |
And |
<80 |
|
Pre Hypertension |
Optimal |
120 – 139 |
Or |
80-89 |
|
|
Normal |
<130 |
And |
<85 |
|
|
High Normal |
130-139 |
Or |
85-89 |
|
Hypertension |
Hypertension |
-- |
---- |
---- |
|
Stage -I |
Stage –I |
140-159 |
Or |
90-99 |
|
Stage –II |
__ |
> 160 |
Or |
> 100 |
|
-- |
Stage –II |
160-179 |
Or |
100-109 |
|
-- |
Stage –III |
> 180 |
Or |
> 110 |
Socioeconomic Status (4)
Per capita income was calculated by dividing total monthly income of
family by total units in the family. Children below 12 years of age were
considered as half unit and children below 1 year was considered as zero units.
Socioeconomic classification suggested by Prasad B.G (1961) was adopted and
modified for consumer price index of the year April 2010. Based on the per
capita per month income, it was modified as
Multiplication Factor: - 677 × 4.93/100
= 33.3761 rounded to 33.
(AICPI April 2010 = 677)
Thus, modified Socioeconomic Scale was as follows
Class I = Rs. >100 * 33 = Rs. > 3300
Class II = Rs. 50-99 * 33 = Rs. 1650-3299
Class III= Rs.30-49 * 33 = Rs. 990-1649
Class IV = Rs.15-29 * 33 = Rs. 495-989
Class V = Rs. <15 * 33 = Rs. < 495
OBSERVATIONS AND
DISCUSSION:
After analysis of
the collected data and after statistical analysis it was observed that out of three hundred participants only
18 (6.00%) were hypertensive. Table ( I ) further reveals that out of eighteen,
08 (44.44%) belong to upper socio economic status, while 07 (38.88%) and 03
(16.60%) belong to middle and low socio economic status respectively (Table-I).
Table-I An
association of hypertension and socio economic status
|
SES |
Hypertension |
Total |
|
|
Yes |
No |
||
|
Upper |
08(26.66%) |
22(73.34%) |
30
(10%) |
|
Middle |
07(4.375%) |
153(95.63%) |
160
(53.33%) |
|
Lower |
03 (2.7%) |
107(97.3%) |
110
(36.66%) |
|
Total |
18 |
282 |
300 |
Prevalence of hypertension was more in upper
class and as socioeconomic status decreases prevalence of hypertension
decreases. The difference found to be statistically significant (x2= 25.56, d.f = 2, p=0.0000028). WHO(5) described a higher prevalence of
hypertension had been noted in upper socioeconomic group.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS:
From above observations and discussion, the
authors reached to the conclusion that there was a definite association between
hypertension and socio economic status. The authors recommend that change in
the life style like spend at least 30 minutes in exercise like brisk walking
etc. every day, reduction in body weight and consumption of high fibre diet.
REFERENCES:
1.
Garg Narendra K.: Evaluation of the impact of emesis and emesis
plus purgation Therapy; Research J Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics:2 (2)
March-April;2010:201-202.
2.
Garg Narendra K and Sharma A.B. : Epidemiological profile of
patients attending a tertiary care hospital,Muktsar,Punjab
(India); Research J Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics:3 (6) November-December;2011:311-317
3.
JNC 7 guidelines and Indian scenario
chapter 17, Apicon Postgraduate Medicine: Vol.18
:2004.
4.
61. Kulkarni
AP and Baride JP. Text book of community medicine, Vora medical publications, Mumbai, 3rd edition, 2007
5. WHO (1996).
Techn. Rep. Ser, No.862.
Received on 07.03.2013
Modified on 22.05.2013
Accepted on 10.06.2013
© A&V Publication all right
reserved
Research J. Pharmacology and
Pharmacodynamics. 5(4): July–August 2013, 218-219